The Prophet sent Saad at the head of a company to Al-Kharar, and it was the third company sent by the Prophet, in Dhul-Qa’dah at the beginning of nine months of the Hijra to Medina. He held for him a white banner, which Al-Miqdad bin Amr carried, and he sent him with twenty men from the immigrants to intercept the caravan of Quraysh that passed by him. He should not exceed the threshold. Saad bin Abi Waqqas said: “So we set out on foot, and we lay in wait during the day and walked at night until we arrived at five o’clock in the morning, and we found that the caravan had passed yesterday, so we departed to Medina.”
His battles during the Prophet’s era
Saad bin Abi Waqqas witnessed all the battles with the Prophet. He witnessed the Battle of Badr and Uhud and remained steadfast in them when he ruled over the people. He witnessed the Battle of the Trench and pledged allegiance in Hudaybiyyah. He witnessed Khaybar and the conquest of Mecca. He had with him at that time one of the three banners of the Emigrants, and he was one of the skilled archers, and he was the first to shoot an arrow in For the sake of God, he was one of the knights who guarded the Prophet in his battles, in the company of Ubaidah bin Al-Harith in Shawwal at the beginning of eight months after the migration to Medina, and he was with him at that time Al-Miqdad bin Amr and Utbah bin Ghazwan.
Battle of Badr
Saad witnessed the Battle of Badr, and the Prophet sent him at the beginning of the battle with Ali bin Abi Talib, Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam, and a group of his companions to the waters of Badr, to bring him news about the Quraysh army. They found two Quraysh boys drawing water for the army, so they brought them to the Prophet while he was praying, so they asked them, and they said: « We are the cupbearers of the Quraish; They sent us to give them water to drink.” The people disliked their news, and hoped that they were Abu Sufyan’s, so they beat them. When they threw them down, they said: “We are Abu Sufyan’s,” so they left them. The Prophet knelt down, prostrated twice, then saluted, and said: “If they tell you the truth, you beat them, and if they lie to you, you leave them!” They are truthful, by God, they belong to Quraysh.
” He said to them: “Tell me about the army of Quraysh.” They said: “They are behind this dune that you can see at the far end.” He said to them: “How many people are there?” They said: “Many.” He said: “What is their number?” They said: “We don’t know.” He said: “How many do they slaughter every day?” They said: “One day nine and one day ten.” Then the Prophet said: “The people are between nine hundred and one thousand.” Then he said to them: “And who among them are the nobles of Quraysh?” They mentioned Utbah bin Rabi’ah, Shaybah bin Rabi’ah, Abu Jahl bin Hisham, Umayyah bin Khalaf, Abu Al-Bakhtari bin Hisham, Hakim bin Hizam, Nawfal bin Khuwaylid, Al-Harith bin Amer bin Nawfal, Tu’imah bin Adi bin Nawfal, and Al-Nadr bin Al-Harith bin Kalada, Zamaa bin Al-Aswad, Nabih bin Al-Hajjaj, Munabbih bin Al-Hajjaj, Suhail bin Amr, and Amr bin Abd Wad, so the Prophet approached his companions, saying: “This Mecca has delivered to you the pieces of its liver.”
When the battle began, Saad performed well. Abdullah bin Masoud says: “I saw Saad fighting on the day of Badr like a knight among men.” His brother Umair was killed in the Battle of Badr, and Saad killed Sa’id bin Al-Aas, and he took his sword - and he was called Dhul-Kutayfa -, So he went to the Prophet to ask permission to take the sword, and the Prophet said to him: “Go and throw it into custody.” So Saad returned, and he did not wait until Surat Al-Anfal was revealed, and the Prophet said to him: “Go and take your sword.” It was narrated that Saad captured two prisoners on the day of Badr.
The Battle of Uhud
Saad witnessed the Battle of Uhud and stood on the day of Uhud with the Prophet when he appointed the people as ruler. He was one of the archers on that day, to the point that Al-Zuhri said: “Saad shot a thousand arrows on the day of Uhud.” The Prophet used to say to him: “May my father and mother be sacrificed for you.”
During the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs
When the Prophet died, and Abu Bakr al-Siddiq was appointed as his successor, Saad was among his army, and when the army of Osama bin Zaid left Medina, the Bedouins coveted Medina, so Abu Bakr set guards over the ports of Medina to spend the night around it, including Ali bin Abi Talib, Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam, and Talha. Bin Ubaid Allah, and Saad bin Abi Waqqas, then Saad went out with Abu Bakr to fight the Bedouins in the wars of apostasy.
Emirate of Iraq
Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq sent Khalid bin Al-Walid from Iraq to the Levant, and when Abu Bakr died, Omar appointed Abu Ubaid Al-Thaqafi as his successor in charge of the Iraqi forces in the year 13 AH, but his period was short, about a few months, as he was martyred in the Battle of Al-Jisr. After the killing of Abu Ubaid al-Thaqafi, the Persians reunited and united over Yazdgerd III, and the people of the Dhimmah broke their covenants that they had made with the Muslims, and expelled the Muslim workers from among them. Omar ibn al-Khattab became angry, and rode on the first day of Muharram in the year 14 AH. He was determined to invade Iraq himself and appointed Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor in charge of Medina.
Then he held a council to consult the companions about what he decided to do, and it was called that the prayer would be unified. He was sent to Ali and he brought from Medina, then he consulted with them, and all of them agreed with him to go to Iraq except Abd al-Rahman bin Awf, for he said to him: “I fear that if it is defeated, the Muslims will be weakened in all other parts of the earth, and I think that you should send a man and you return to Medina.” So Omar and the people agreed upon that and agreed with his opinion. Ibn Awf. Omar said: “Who do you think we should send to Iraq?” He said: “I have found him.” He said: “Who is he?” He said: “The lion has Saad bin Malik Al-Zuhri in his clutches.” So he agreed with what he said, and sent to Saad, who ordered him to control Iraq and recommended him
So Saad went out to Iraq with six thousand fighters as commander over those there, and Omar wrote to Jarir bin Abdullah Al-Bajli and Al-Muthanna bin Haritha Al-Shaybani that they should follow Saad, and that they should listen and obey him. They had disputed over the emirate, so Al-Muthanna said to Jarir: “The Commander of the Faithful has only sent you for help.” For me,” and Jarir said: “He has only sent me as your ruler.” When Saad arrived, the dispute between them ended, and Al-Muthanna died in this year. So Saad had mercy on him and married his wife Salma. When Saad arrived at the camp of the armies, its leadership ended with him, and no prince remained in Iraq except under his command. Omar provided him with other supplies until thirty thousand, or it was said, thirty-six thousand, gathered in Al-Qadisiyah.
Battle of Al-Qadisiyah
Saad marched with thirty thousand fighters to Al-Qadisiyah, deployed his companies, and stayed there for a month without seeing any of the Persians. The Persians agreed to send Rustam Farrokhzad to the army, so Rustam went and camped in Sabat, and he placed the Jalinos on the front - which was forty thousand - and the Al-Hurmuzan on the starboard. The facilitator is Mihran bin Bahram, and the spearhead is Al-Bandran, and they are eighty thousand, and it was said: one hundred and twenty thousand, followed by eighty thousand, so the total is two hundred thousand fighters, and thirty-three elephants. Then he sent Saad Al-Numan bin Muqrin Al-Muzani, Furat bin Hayyan, Hanzala bin Al-Rabi’, and Attarid bin Hajib, Al-Ash'ath bin Qais, Al-Mughirah bin Shu'bah, and Amr bin Maadikarb called on Rustam to convert to Islam.
When Rustam approached Sa'd in the meeting, Sa'd sent a squadron to bring him a man from the Persians to find out their news. Tuliha bin Khuwaylid Al-Asadi penetrated the Persian army until he captured one of them and brought him, so Sa'ad asked him about the people. So he started describing Taliha’s courage, so he said: “Let’s leave this, and tell us about Rustam?” He said: “He is one hundred thousand and twenty thousand, and the same will follow.” When the two armies faced each other, Rustam sent to Saad to send him a wise man who knew what I was asking him about. So he sent him Al-Mughirah bin Shu’bah, then Saad sent another messenger to him, namely Rab’i bin Amir, then he sent A third messenger, Hudhayfah bin Muhsin Al-Barqi, spoke to them as Rab’i said, and after the negotiations failed, the two armies met in Al-Qadisiyah.
When the two armies met, Saad was afflicted with sciatica and boils in his body, so he could no longer ride. He was sitting in a palace, leaning on his chest on a pillow, looking at the army and planning its affairs. The command of the war was given to Khalid bin Arafta, and he put Jarir bin Abdullah on the starboard side. Al-Bajli, and on the left side was Qays bin Makshuh. Saad led the people in the noon prayer, then he addressed the people, admonishing and urging them, then reciting: And We have written in the Psalms after the remembrance that the earth is inherited by My righteous servants. The reciters recited the verses of jihad and its surah, then he said “Allahu Akbar.” Four, then the fighting started, and continued The fighting was for three days, and when the fourth day became, they fought intensely, and the Muslims’ horses were fleeing from the Persian elephants.
The Muslims were able to kill the elephants and those on them, and gouge out their eyes. A group of brave people perished in these days, such as: Tuliha al-Asadi, Amr bin Maadi Karb, and Al-Qaqa’ bin Amr. Jarir bin Abdullah Al-Bajli, Dirar bin Al-Khattab, Khaled bin Arafta, and their forms and types. When it was noon time on this day, and it is called: Al-Qadisiyah Day, and it was Monday of Muharram in the year 14 AH, a strong wind blew and lifted the Persians’ tents from their places, and threw Rustam’s bed. So he quickly mounted his mule and fled, but the Muslims overtook him and killed him, and they killed Galen, the leader of the Al-Qadisiyah vanguard, and they were defeated. The Persians. The Persians, who were thirty thousand, were killed in the battle. Ten thousand Persians were killed in the battle, and two thousand five hundred Muslims were killed.
Fatah Al-Mada'in, Jalawla and Halwan
Saad sent Zahra bin Al-Hawiyah Al-Tamimi in a battalion to besiege Bahrasir or Naharshir, which are the western cities. Sherzad received him in Sabat with peace and the payment of tribute. Then Saad walked with the soldiers to a place called Mazlam Sabat, and he found Persian soldiers called Jund Buran, and with them was a large lion called Al-Muqart, so he approached him. Hashim bin Utba killed the lion, and the Muslims attacked the Persians and defeated them, then they camped in Nahrshir in Dhul-Hijjah 15 AH. Saad sent companies in every direction looking for Persian soldiers, but they did not find anyone except the peasants.
So Saad gathered one hundred thousand of them and wrote to Omar to ask him about their matter. Omar wrote to him: “Whoever is among the peasants does not help you while he resides in his country, it is safe for him. He fled, and you overtook him It is up to you to do so.” So Saad released them and called them to Islam, but they chose the jizya. Saad laid siege to Nahrshir, and tightened the siege for two months until the Persians sent him asking for peace on the condition that the Tigris be a border separator between the lands of the Muslims and the lands of the Persians. The Muslims refused, and the Persians boarded ships with their money at night to the other side of the river to the cities, leaving Nahrshir empty, so the Muslims entered it.
When Saad conquered Nahrshir in Safar 16 AH, he was informed of Yazdgerd’s intention to flee with his luggage and money from Al-Mada’in to Helwan. He decided to march to Al-Mada'in despite the flood of the Tigris and the lack of ships to carry Muslims across the river. Asim bin Amr al-Tamimi and six hundred knights with him were assigned to cross to the other bank of the river and protect it so that the Muslim army could cross without the Persians attacking them. So Asim and those with him crossed the river on horseback. The Persians tried to prevent Asim's battalion from crossing the river, but to no avail, as Asim crossed the river with his battalion and pushed the Persians from the river bank until the Muslim army was able to cross. The Muslim army chased the Persians until it entered Al-Mada'in and found it empty, as Yazdgerd fled with his family and what he could carry. The Muslims found no resistance except in the White Palace, where some fighters had barricaded themselves. He gave them three days to surrender, and they agreed to surrender on the third day.
Saad Iwan Khosrow entered, made it a prayer hall, decided to reside in Al-Mada'in, and sent to the families of the soldiers to settle them in the homes of Al-Mada'in. Saad then sent companies to chase Yazdgerd, but they overtook some of Yazdgerd's soldiers, killed them, and recovered part of Khosrau's jewelry and crown. The Muslims took a lot of money from Al-Mada'in and Khosrau's treasures, so Saad sent the fifth to Omar in Medina, and Salman Al-Farsi took charge of dividing the rest among the Muslim soldiers. When the fifth reached Medina, Omar gave Khosrau’s masts to Suraqa ibn Malik al-Madlaji in fulfillment of the Prophet Muhammad’s promise to him when Suraqa intercepted the Prophet Muhammad during his migration to Medina.
Emirate of Kufa
In the year 17 AH, news reached Omar bin Al-Khattab that the Arabs’ stomachs had softened, their organs had dried up, and their colors had changed. So Omar wrote to Saad: “Tell me what changed the colors of the Arabs and their meat?” So Saad wrote to him: “The one who changed them is the poorness of the country, and the Arabs do not agree with it except the countries that agree with their camels.” So Omar wrote to him: “I would send Salman and Hudhayfah as pioneers, and let them go to a place on land and at sea, where there is no sea or bridge between me and you.
” So Saad sent them, and Salman left until he came to Anbar, so he walked in the west of the Euphrates, not being satisfied with anything until he came to Kufa, and Hudhayfah walked in the east of the Euphrates, not being satisfied with anything, until he came to Kufa. So Saad traveled from Al-Mada’in until he came to Kufa in Muharram in the year seventeen, and he gave the Muslims a choice between it and Al-Mada’in. Whoever liked to live in Mada'in, he let him live there, and Saad asked permission from the people of Kufa to build reeds, then a fire broke out in Kufa and Basra, and Kufa was more severely burned in Shawwal, so Saad sent to Omar to ask him for permission to build with mud bricks, so he gave them permission that none of you should add more than three verses. And that they should not strive to construct buildings. Saad took over the Emirate of Kufa.
In the year 18 AH, Saad built the mosque of Kufa, and in the year 20 AH, the people of Kufa complained about Saad to Omar, so he dismissed him, and Ammar bin Yasser took charge of him. Among their complaints was that they said that he was not good at praying, so Omar sent to Saad and said: “O Abu Ishaq, these people claim You do not pray well.” So he said: “As for me, by God, I used to pray with them the prayer of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, as long as I did not pray the evening prayer, so I was slow in the first two and lighter in the other two.” Omar said: “That is my suspicion of you, Abu Ishaq,” and he sent Muhammad .
Muslim to Kufa, so he asked the people of Kufa about him, and he did not leave a mosque without asking about him, and they praised him kindly, until he entered a mosque of Banu Abs, then a man from them called Osama bin Qatada, nicknamed Abu Sa’dah, stood up and said: “As for when you called on us, Sa’d did not walk secretly and did not swear properly.” And he will not be fair in the case.” Saad said: “By God, I will pray for three things. O God, if this servant of yours is a liar, he has risen up in hypocrisy and reputation, prolong his life, prolong his poverty, and expose him to temptation.” After that, he would be exposed to female slaves on the roads, winking at them, and when he was asked what he was doing, he would say: “A great old man.” Intrigued, I was struck by Saad's invitation.
Shura after the death of Omar
When Omar bin Al-Khattab was stabbed and his death was near, he recommended that the matter be a consultation after him regarding six of those whom the Prophet Muhammad died with whom he was satisfied with, and they were: Othman bin Affan, Ali bin Abi Talib, Talha bin Ubaidullah, Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam, Abd al-Rahman bin Awf, and Saad bin Abi Waqqas. He refused to name one of them himself, and said: “Whoever they appoint as successors is the caliph after me, even if I succeed Saad. Otherwise, let the caliph after me seek help from him, because I did not remove him - meaning from Kufa - due to weakness or betrayal.” He ordered them to meet in someone's house and consult. Omar bin Al-Khattab died three days after he was stabbed, and was buried on Sunday, the first of Muharram in the year 24 AH, corresponding to the year 644 AD.
After completing the burial of Omar ibn al-Khattab, the Shura Council members met, and Saad chose Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf and said: “I have assigned my command to Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf,” and al-Zubayr said: “I have assigned my command to Ali,” and Talha said: “I have assigned my command to Uthman.” Then Ibn Auf removed himself from the matter, and began to consult the Muslims until they agreed on Uthman bin Affan.
His retirement is sedition
Saad was away from strife. After the killing of Othman bin Affan, his son Omar bin Saad asked him to claim the caliphate for himself, but he refused. Likewise, his nephew Hashim bin Utbah also asked him to do so. When Saad insisted on refusing, Hashim pledged allegiance to Ali.
Saad was one of those who stayed at home during the strife, and he did not attend the Battle of Al-Jamal, the Battle of Siffin, or the Arbitration, and he ordered his family not to tell him anything about the news of the people until the nation gathered around an imam. So Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan coveted him, and Abdullah bin Omar bin Al-Khattab, and Muhammad bin Maslama, and he wrote to them inviting them to help him seek the blood of Uthman and saying to them: “They will not deny what they did of killing him and abandoning him except by doing so. Indeed, the one who killed him and betrayed him are the same.” So each one of them responded to him, refuting what he had brought of that, denying his statement, and stating that it was not He is worthy of what he asks for,
His death
He was the last of the immigrants to die, and when death approached him, he called for a cloak to be made for him from wool, and he said: “Shroud me in it, for I met the polytheists in it on the day of Badr and it was on me, but I was hiding it for that reason.” So his death occurred during the reign of Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan in the year fifty-five. It was said that it was the year fifty-six, and it was said that it was the year fifty-seven, and Abu Naim Al-Malai said: the year fifty-eight, and the first is correct. He died in his palace in Al-Aqiq ten miles from Medina, so he was carried to Medina on the necks of men, and Marwan bin Al-Hakam, who was the governor of Medina at that time, prayed over him. The day he died, he was seventy-some years old. The Prophet’s wives sent: “We cannot go out to him and pray for him.”
And to pass by his funeral in the Prophet’s Mosque, so they did, so they entered with him and stood on their heads and prayed over him, and he was taken out through the funeral door that was to the seats, and they heard that the people criticized that and said: “Funerals were not used to enter the mosque.” This was reported to Aisha bint Abi Bakr, and she said “People are quick to criticize what they have no knowledge of. They blame us for taking place in the mosque with a funeral, and the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, did not pray for Suhail bin Al-Bayda except in the interior of the mosque.” On the day he died, Saad left two hundred thousand and fifty thousand dirhams, and what indicates his wealth is that the zakat on his money when he sent it to Marwan bin Al-Hakam was five thousand dirhams.